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By: C. Faesul, M.B.A., M.B.B.S., M.H.S.

Associate Professor, University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Medicine

With 6; Crab-street pulse pressure blood pressure generic valsartan 80mg line, 4 reference to the trades and occupations of the sufferers artery dorsalis pedis buy discount valsartan 40 mg, it appears that 47 were nailers heart attack high dead end counterpart generic valsartan 40 mg mastercard, or their wives and children; 16 labourers hypertension code for icd 9 buy valsartan online pills, 9 miners, 8 anvil-makers, including their families. The Registrar states that " there were 29 deaths more from cholera than took place on the visitation of this disease in 1832, and there has been an unusually large number of children; Gospeland-street. Three children of the same father died of cholera at Daisey Bank, 2 on the 27th and one on September 29th, also the wife and child of a labourer at Brierly-lane on September 26th and 28th, and a miner and his daughter died on September 22nd, at Hall-green. On S>ptember 13th, there were 10 deaths and on on the 14th, 7 the 30th, 11 alter Octuber 14th, on which day 5 deaths occurred, the epidemic abated, and from that time to the end of the month there were 12 deaths in November, 3 and in December, 2 the last - Choi. Diarrhoea was prevalent in September, October, and November; the mortality was considerable amongst children under 5 years of age. The first fatal case of cholera occurred on September 4th, at the Poorhouse, a labourer, aged 17 years, survived the attack 19 hours; the next case on the loth, in the Union Workhouse, Tower-street,; by the end of the month of September 21 persons were fatally attacked. The epidemic increased in during the first 11 the early part of October; days, 26 fatal cases occurred, followed by 12 more - December 19th, at Thornes, a furgeman, aged 24 years. In the Union House, Wordsley, on September 2nd to November ist inclusive, 29 deaths from cholera took place, 4 deaths also occurred from diarrhoea. Four deaths from diarrhoea were recorded in the Union Workhouse, and 12 from cholera, viz. In this town during the month of October, 6 cases of cholera proved fatal; the epidemic first appeared on September 9th, at Newplace, Borough, the daughter of a weaver, aged 5 years the next case on the 14th, in Orchard-street, the last case occurred on October 19th, at Millstreet, described as a labourer, aged 18 years. Ten cases of diarrhoea proved fatal in the early part of the year; the first appearance of cholera was on July 22nd, at Lower-lane, Choi. Children under 15 years of age suffered in the proportion of nearly onehulf; the last case that occurred was 011 December 29th, at Waste Lye, the son of a chair-maker, aged 3 years. At Waste Bank, Wollescote, 25 deaths from cholera were registered, 13 occurring between the ist and 12th November (both inclusive); 386; Diarr. The Registrar, in his quarterly report to the KegislrarGeneral, stated thai " the Cholera Hospital admitted patients from all the parishes in the Union. On the 29th June, cholera was fatal to a boy, ajjed 2^ years, in 9 hours, at Hoopers-buildings; the next case, on the jtli July, at Uigles-street, the son of a leather-parer, iij^ed 13 years; a brother of the above died of cholera on the 6th, the fatlier on the 9th, and the mother on the loth the last death took placeon the 7th October. Digles-street, Merivale, Quay-street, and Copenhnf;enstreet mostly suffered from the cholera epidemic. Four deaths from diarrhoea took place in the Union House, and 10 deaths from diarrhoea were described as children of nailers, labourers, &c. At Strickley-street, on the 17th February, cholera proved fatal to the daughter of a gun-barrel-maker, aged 19 years the other case, on the 22nd August, at Houndsfield, the son of a farmer, aijed 5 weeks, cholera 6 days. Cholera appeared on the ist September, at Woodgate, Northfleld, subsequently in the same the locality, by the 5tli, 3 other deaths occurred. First case of cholera recorded 4tli September, the daughter of a tallow-chandler, aged 4 years; next case on the 7th, and the last on the nth; the daughter of a boatman, aged 2 years, who survived the attack 14 hours. Of the 24 deaths from diarrhoea, 21 were children under one year; diarrhoea prevailed throughout the year, principally in September. No cholera in this sub-district - diarrhoea prevailed iu June and July, and increased in Auj^ust, at its height in September and October, and declined by the end of the year. The first and only case of cholera occurred on the 19th July, at 40 Lawrence-street, a painter, aged 45 years duration of attack, 5 days, liiarrhoea proved fatal in Park-street, Lawrencestreet, Coleshill-street, Sheep-street, Stafford-street, Duke-street, &c. Cholera was fatal to a labourer, aged 33 years, 17th August, at 17 Court, Aston-road, the second case, a gun-maker, aged 83 years, ill 4 days at 63, Ashted-row. Diarrhoea was epidemic in August, at its height in September, and declined in October; it fatally attacked 58 persons, in the proportion of one adult to 15 children, Erdington. DiarrhcEa appeared in 1 he autumn, and proved fatal to one adult and 26 children, visiting Livery-street, Charles-street, Lionel-street, St. London Prentice-street, John-street, Lancaster-street, Whittall-street, Loveday-strett, Lich field-street, &c. The Registrar states in his quarterly report, that the first fatal case of cholera was that of a woman who came from Bilston the second was a resident, supposed to have taken the disease from washing the; -; Mary.

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Balachowsky said arrhythmia unspecified icd 9 buy valsartan 80 mg visa, under number 29:"The file notes which were copied into the diary shortly before the collapse blood pressure chart for 70+ year olds discount valsartan express, give the precise number of the pages and the number of the experiments blood pressure going up purchase valsartan american express. I n these words Balachowsky corroborates the fact that this diary blood pressure 5040 cheap valsartan 40mg overnight delivery, namely, this diary of Block 46, was drawn up shortly before the collapse, apparently on several days, consequently the difference in the typewriters used. That there was some reason for making the entries in this form would appear to be obvious. During his testimony Kogon often stated that from the beginning of 1943 on, Ding made efforts to cover himself. H e also said that from that moment on, the oral assignments that he received were not suficient, but that he must insist on receiving written orders. All the more remarkable is it then that the so-called *Complete testimony ie recorded in mimeographed transcript, 26, 27, 28, 31 March 1047, pp. The diary of a scientist has the purpose of setting down the precise course of the work undertaken. Consequently, all efforts regarding the initiation and course of experiments should be set down. Kogon thought that the number of fatalities which are set down with clear precision were a result, to be sure, an unhappy result, of these experiments. That these events are found lamentable can hardly be disputed, but it is a false point of view if one orients oneself on the basis of this result toward something, the purpose of which was entirely different. The real experimental result can be seen in the following: as a consequence of the protective vaccination, what happens during a subsequent case of infection is that firstly, the period of incubation is prolongld, namely, that period of time which lapses between the actual infection and the first appearance of the disease. Secondly, the period of fever is shortened, whereas usually the period of fever in typhus is 17 days. This protective vaccination reduces it to 12,10, and even 6 days, depending on the strength of the protective vaccine. I n other words, the symptoms that are associated with fever, which effect the blood circulation and the heart, as well as those which effect the central nervous system, are less pronounced or altogether absent after the protective vaccine. There are various other small clinical indications which a doctor readily recognizes as a result of the protective vaccine, and it must be said that as the result of less serious clinical manifestations, the number of fatalities from typhus is smaller. Therefore, when Ding asserts in this block diary of Block 46 that the most important result of the experiments was the number of fatalities, then every doctor will recognize this as such an erroneous and distorted statement that even if it is made by a doctor so reliable as Ding, it is completely unworthy of credence. Ding on the protective action of various vaccines on human beings and the course of typhus after immunization. I do not wish to read the document but simply desire to bring it to the attention of the Tribunal. Would you care to make any statement about the inadequate way in which this diary was worked on? Would you like to say that perhaps Ding was not in a position to carry on such work? There ar6 eight sketches giving graphs showing the results; and at the very bottom on the next to the last page, in the next to the last paragraph, there are three lines which say that the fatalities in the cases of those vaccinated were fewer in number than among those not vaccinated. This is also an indication that he was perfectly capable of carrying on scientific work. I should like to point out that at the top of this paper it is mentioned that this work was done in ray institute in Berlin. The prosecution also charges you with the fact that Ding infected persons in Buchenwald who had not previously received the. These were done in order to ascertain what method was possible in order to artificially infect human beings with typhus. I always found that thelay person who had never concerned himself with these matters assumes it to be a matter of course that it is always possible to infect a human being with a disease. Even in the case of such a toxic material as the typhus germ, successful infection can only occur if it is not directed directly into t h. Unless another way is chosen, it is usually impossible, to bring about infection with such a disease. Consequently, when such experiments are to be carried out on human beings-and this isa point of view which I express without any reference to my own person-then such preliminary experiments cannot be dispensed with. Ding says in his diary under the 20th of February 1942: "Case histories and curves on the preliminary experiments were sent to Berlin.

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In March 1975 it had 75 members blood pressure just before heart attack discount 80 mg valsartan with amex, and then in June the number rose to 270 and reached 323 members by the end of 1975 hypertension harmony of darkness valsartan 80 mg line. That figure represents a high percentage of all those affected pulse pressure 67 40mg valsartan with visa, since it is estimated that around 1 arrhythmia technology institute south carolina purchase 80 mg valsartan with mastercard,000 people had disappeared in Santiago, and some of the women in the organization had lost more than one relative. Its experiences and methods of protest served as an example for similar groups in Chile and other countries. The women involved in it became convinced that looking for their family members individually was not achieving anything, and so they decided to begin a series of peaceful demonstrations such as hunger strikes, street protests, and so forth in order to attract public attention. With a few men, and carrying photographs of their husbands, sons, daughters, and grandchildren they decided to break what they called "the circle of silence" surrounding the cases of their disappeared relatives. At that time there were practically no demonstrations against the regime, nor were there alternative sources of information. Thus the relatives of the disappeared were officially ignored, and they were harassed and repeatedly jailed. As time went on, the Relatives of Persons Disappeared after Arrest became organized in many parts of the country. Human rights organizations Other organizations gradually began to join the work of promoting and defending human rights carried out initially by institutions that had arisen in church circles, mainly the Committee for Peace and the Vicariate of Solidarity. It defines itself as a body of Christian, ecumenical, and humanist inspiration, which promotes non-violence and the building of a society that will be democratic, will live in solidarity, and will respect human rights. It sought to organize educational programs for peace, democracy, and respect for human rights, to carry out actions of solidarity aimed at supporting the victims of repression and to participate in various campaigns to denounce human rights violations and promote human rights. The attitude of other mediating institutions which played a significant role in the area of human rights during this period During this period special laws prohibited the most important mediating institutions (labor unions, and student and community organizations) from democratically electing their own officers. Accordingly during this period these organizations offered no public or official critical reaction to human rights violations, often because they had been completely dismantled. The reaction of the international community During the first two years of the military government, many Chileans left the country for political reasons. The number cannot be exactly determined, but it is estimated that the figure cannot be less than 20,000. Relations with many countries continued to deteriorate as a result of the problem of human rights in Chile. During the Nixon and Ford administrations, the United States helped Chile renegotiate its foreign debt, and U. The 1976 visit of the Treasury Secretary, William Simon, also had an impact, and led to the freeing of 49 political prisoners, including important leaders from the Allende government. In December 1976, the leader Luis Corvalбn was exchanged for the Soviet dissident Vladimir Bukosky and in June 1977 Jorge Montes, another Communist leader, was exchanged for several prisoners in East Germany. In August 1977 the undersecretary of state for Latin American affairs, Terrence Todman, travelled to Chile. The Organization of American States the Interamerican Human Rights Commission of the Organization of American States maintained its concern for the lot of victims of the regime as evidenced in its periodic reports and its visits to the country. The United Nations Beginning in 1974 the United Nations Human Rights Commission issued special reports on the human rights situation in Chile. This body played a very important role through these reports, resolutions in the General Assembly and in the Human Rights Commission, and the appointment of an ad hoc working group on Chile, as this chronology shows: * Resolution of the General Assembly, November 1974 asking the government of Chile to fully respect the Declaration of Human Rights. It was approved by a majority of 90 votes in favor, 8 against, and 26 abstentions. The Chilean government authorized the visit, but when the members of the group arrived, that permission was revoked (July 4, 1975). The resolution was approved with 95 votes in favor, 11 against, and 23 abstentions. It was approved by a majority of 95 votes in favor, 12 against, and 25 abstentions. It was approved by a majority of 96 votes in favor, 14 against, and 25 abstentions. Other organizations Non-governmental international human rights organizations such as Amnesty International, the International Commission of Jurists, and the International Association of Democratic Jurists, maintained a posture of ongoing concern for the pattern of human rights violations in Chile, and engaged in activities aimed at halting such violations. Each of the two earlier periods that the Commission has delineated, namely the final months of 1973 and the years 1974-1977 has salient characteristics in the area of human rights violations which remain relatively unchanged over the course of those periods.

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It is ridiculous to try political solutions for ending suf ferings or decreasing the desires of the Irish people blood pressure variability purchase valsartan 80mg. How will voting and reform help peasants who for six centuries alternated between starvation on a potato and national charity? Its task was to stimulate others to give people jobs heart attack enrique iglesias valsartan 40mg cheap, not to outbid them heart attack photo discount valsartan 80 mg fast delivery, or drive them from the labor markets pulse pressure classification buy valsartan online. The problem is that the Irish peasant tasted of famine and found that it was good. Passage 4 the worst symptoms of the Irish famine are that the people may become rebellious. Instead of accepting that the potato blight was an act of God, the Irish complain about the government. Such are the thanks that the government gets for attempting to relieve great suffering. It was the responsibility of Irish taxpayers of a Poor Law Union, the local property owners, to support the poor of the district. The relief programs for the unemployed during the American Great Depression and other programs like social security established the principle that the American government, the federal government, was responsible for the welfare of its people. As tough as the Great Depression was for many Americans, there is no general perception that the government abandoned its people in their hour of need. Indeed, the government during the Great Depression institutionalized programs for the general welfare. Explain the similarities and differences between the Russell and Roosevelt approaches to public employment programs by consulting information included on a chart prepared by students. Describe the decisions made by governments during times of economic crisis and draw conclusions. Explain how societies and nations attempt to satisfy their basic needs and wants by utilizing scarce capital, natural and human resources. Investigate how people in the United States and throughout the world answer the three fundamental economic questions and solve basic economic problems. Analyze the effectiveness of varying ways societies, nations, and regions of the world attempt to satisfy their basic needs and wants by utilizing scarce resources. Understand the nature of scarcity and how nations of the world make choices which involve economic and social costs and benefits. Compare and contrast the United States economic system with other national economic systems, focusing on the three fundamental economic questions. Ask students: When the welfare laws were revised in 1996 they were said to substitute welfare with workfare. Governments have traditionally favored publicly funded work programs rather than give small cash subsidies to ablebodied workers. Using information in the activity and gathered from print and non-print sources, ask students to complete the Public Works Projects chart. Why were the public works programs created by the New Deal more effective than the public works program created by the Russell government during the Great Irish Famine? Compare the Russell statements about employment programs for the poor with current workfare policy. Funding for projects depended heavily on the initiative and energy of the local relief committee. For the most part, landlords wrote the grant applications that went to the government. Some of the hardest hit areas like the barony of Erris in County Mayo and Skibbereen, County Cork lacked active land lords to make cases for local projects, so work did not necessarily go to the areas of greatest need. The public work projects were financed by loans from the government which had to be repaid with interest by the local property owners. For some property owners, the question was how much were they willing to invest in public employment? To work on one of the public employment schemes, a person had to have a work ticket.

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